Description
Drishti IAS: Your Gateway to Success in Competitive Exams.
- Ancient Civilizations
- Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China: Key developments in governance, architecture, science, and culture.
- Contributions: Writing systems, legal codes, monumental architecture (e.g., pyramids), and early scientific knowledge.
- Classical Antiquity
- Greece and Rome: Political systems (democracy in Athens, Roman Republic and Empire), philosophical contributions (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), and cultural achievements (literature, art, architecture).
- Major Events: Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Punic Wars, and the fall of Rome.
- Medieval Period
- Feudalism in Europe: Structure of feudal society, roles of lords and vassals, manorial system.
- Byzantine Empire and Islamic Caliphates: Key contributions in art, architecture (Hagia Sophia), and science.
- Cultural and Scientific Advancements: Scholasticism, universities, and the spread of Islamic knowledge.
- Renaissance and Reformation
- Renaissance: Humanism, major artists (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo), and scientific advancements (Galileo, Copernicus).
- Reformation: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and the impact on the Catholic Church and European politics.
- Age of Exploration
- Discoveries: Voyages of Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan.
- Impact: Colonization, the Columbian Exchange, and its effects on indigenous populations and European economies.
- Industrial Revolution
- Technological Innovations: Steam engine, textile machinery, and transportation (railways).
- Socio-Economic Changes: Urbanization, changes in labor systems, and impacts on social structures.
- Global Impact: Spread of industrialization and its effect on global trade and colonization.
- Modern Era
- Revolutions: American Revolution, French Revolution, and their global impact.
- World Wars: Causes, major events, outcomes, and consequences of World Wars I and II.
- Cold War: Ideological conflict, major events (Cuban Missile Crisis, Berlin Wall), and its end.
- Decolonization and Post-Colonialism
- Independence Movements: Key figures (Gandhi, Nkrumah, Sukarno), strategies, and outcomes.
- Post-Colonial Challenges: Political instability, economic development, and cultural identity.
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